How have whole body vibration and PEMF been studied in bone?
193 papers. Randomized human trials: 73. Controlled human studies, including unspecified allocation: 26. Human studies without a control group: 24. Systematic search reviews, meta analyses and review overviews: 47. Animal studies, including accompanying cell experiments: 23.
All records from the Europe PMC MED and PMC title and abstract query were screened. Human studies have no lower year limit through the checked date; animal, cell and ex vivo studies are included from 2024 onward. DOI and PMID duplicates were removed and each group is sorted by first publication date, newest first. This is an abstract screened inventory of this query, not a systematic review guaranteeing all relevant literature. Whole body vibration and pulsed electromagnetic fields, PEMF, are distinguished. Besides bone density, mineral content and turnover, studies of bone formation, union and alveolar bone are included with their measures identified. Combined medication, exercise, scaffolds and cell preconditioning differ from standalone exposure. Human derived cell cultures are not counted as human clinical studies.
Checked 2026-10-29 · 526 records searched
Randomized human trials73
Sixty women with distal radius fracture were randomized to PEMF alone or PEMF with nutritional supplementation. Pain, biochemical markers and ultrasound callus were measured; both groups received PEMF.
Nutrients · 2026 · PMID 42356396
Thirty one women with osteopenia or osteoporosis were randomized to exercise, exercise on a 40 Hz vibration platform or weighted vest exercise. Bone density, muscle mass and physical performance were measured after eight weeks.
Life (Basel) · 2026 · PMID 41752870
Forty eight older adults with osteosarcopenia were randomized to vitamin D alone or vitamin D with whole body vibration three times weekly for three months. Site specific bone density, muscle mass, strength and bone turnover markers were measured with a further three month follow up.
Gerontology · 2025 · PMID 40971339
Sixty postmenopausal women were randomized to horizontal whole body vibration with infrared, infrared or control; 53 were analyzed. Three month bone density, turnover markers, pain, balance and quality of life were measured.
Turk J Phys Med Rehabil · 2024 · PMID 40028398
One hundred twelve patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis were randomized in groups of 28 to PEMF with different medication and capsule combinations. All received PEMF, calcium and vitamin D; bone density and pain were assessed.
Comb Chem High Throughput Screen · 2024 · PMID 38357942
Fourteen people with chronic spinal cord injury were randomized to whole body vibration twice weekly or control for six months, measuring DXA bone density, body composition and bone turnover markers.
J Spinal Cord Med · 2025 · PMID 37930641
A randomized crossover study in ten postmenopausal women tracked circulating microRNA and bone resorption markers up to 48 hours after whole body vibration and resistance exercise, relating them to bone density and tibial characteristics.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2022 · PMID 36440217
Thirty seven older adults with COPD and osteoporosis were randomized to control, pulmonary exercise or exercise with whole body vibration for 36 weeks, measuring bone density, microstructure, turnover, lung function and exercise capacity.
Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi · 2022 · PMID 37308418
Sixty five postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomized to whole body vibration, resistance training or control. Bone density T scores were measured at 12 months, with strength, postural control and quality of life followed up to 15 months.
Eur J Appl Physiol · 2022 · PMID 35864343
Forty eight older adults at risk of falling were randomized to a cognitive motor program, the program with whole body vibration or control, measuring bone mass, density, lower body strength and processing speed over 24 weeks.
Int J Environ Res Public Health · 2022 · PMID 35742365
Show all · 73 papersShow less
Sixty seven osteopenic knee arthroplasty patients were randomized to whole body vibration, n=35, or control, n=32. Bone density, microstructure, turnover and knee function were measured at three and six months.
Aging Clin Exp Res · 2022 · PMID 35028919
Ninety five men with osteopenia or osteoporosis were randomized to PEMF with exercise, sham PEMF with exercise or PEMF alone. Exercise included whole body vibration; bone density, turnover markers and follow up after 12 weeks were reported. Despite protocol indexing, the abstract contains completed results.
F1000Res · 2021 · PMID 34900231
Eighty two postmenopausal women after vertebral fracture surgery were randomized to PEMF, n=40, or control, n=42, assessing one and three month bone density, tibial and radial microstructure, pain, function and quality of life.
Biomed Res Int · 2021 · PMID 34327227
Forty six children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were randomized to a physical program with suit training or whole body vibration. Lumbar and femoral neck bone density was measured over 12 weeks.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2021 · PMID 33657757
Forty three postmenopausal women with low bone density were randomized to whole body vibration or control, both with calcium and vitamin D. Gait muscle work and lumbar and femoral bone density were measured over 24 weeks.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther · 2020 · PMID 32868028
Sixty eight adolescent swimmers were randomized to swimming alone or additional whole body vibration, alongside 41 normally active controls. Bone formation and resorption markers were assessed over six months.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab · 2020 · PMID 32229668
A substudy applied five days of whole body vibration to 31 children whose mothers had been randomized to vitamin D or placebo in pregnancy, comparing bone turnover markers. All children received vibration; randomization concerned maternal supplementation.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2020 · PMID 32131365
Fifty eight postmenopausal women were randomized to whole body vibration, high impact exercise or control for six months, measuring lumbar and femoral bone density, turnover markers, mobility and quality of life.
J Bone Miner Metab · 2020 · PMID 31897748
Thirty healthy older adults were randomized to whole body vibration under hypoxia, vibration under normoxia or control, measuring whole body and proximal femoral DXA bone density over 18 weeks.
Front Physiol · 2019 · PMID 31543827
Thirty five postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to teriparatide alone or with whole body vibration three times weekly. Bone density, microstructure and turnover markers were assessed over 12 months.
Osteoporos Int · 2019 · PMID 31309239
Thirty eight postmenopausal women completed a randomized whole body vibration, multicomponent training or control study, measuring lumbar and femoral neck bone density and mineral content over 24 weeks, three times weekly.
Front Physiol · 2019 · PMID 31354513
Thirty nine children with beta thalassemia major were randomized to their usual program or additional whole body vibration, measuring bone density and functional capacity over 24 weeks.
Physiother Theory Pract · 2021 · PMID 31179798
Fifty one postmenopausal women were randomized to whole body vibration, Pilates or control three times weekly for six months, comparing site specific DXA bone density.
J Geriatr Phys Ther · 2019 · PMID 29443867
Thirty children with obesity were randomized to whole body vibration, n=16, or control, n=14, measuring bone turnover markers, calcaneal bone density, muscle and anthropometry over 12 weeks.
Acta Paediatr · 2019 · PMID 30071142
Sixty one postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomized to PEMF or placebo three times weekly for six months. Fifty two completed, with bone density, vertebral marrow fat and serum markers measured.
J Comput Assist Tomogr · 2018 · PMID 29901507
A randomized pilot study assigned 43 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis to 25 PEMF or sham sessions and measured bone formation and resorption markers and blood indices related to RANKL, OPG and Wnt at baseline and days 30 and 60.
Bone · 2018 · PMID 30010081
A randomized crossover study in nine young women taking oral contraceptives compared resistance exercise with or without preceding whole body vibration for acute circulating sclerostin and parathyroid hormone responses.
J Bone Miner Metab · 2019 · PMID 29956019
A randomized trial assigned 51 adolescent swimmers to swimming alone or swimming with whole body vibration three times weekly and measured tibial structure and strength by peripheral quantitative CT over six months.
PM R · 2018 · PMID 29626614
Eighty five older adults with osteoporosis were randomized to medication with whole body vibration, n=30, medication with magnetic exposure, n=30, or medication alone, n=25, measuring four month bone density. The abstract does not specify whether the magnetic exposure was pulsed.
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil · 2017 · PMID 28453453
Twenty four children with osteogenesis imperfecta were randomized in matched pairs to five months of whole body vibration or usual care. Two pairs were excluded after incident fractures; DXA and peripheral CT bone and muscle measures and function were assessed.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2017 · PMID 28472303
Forty adolescent swimmers completing six months of whole body vibration were compared with 23 continuing swimming alone for DXA bone density, mineral content and lean mass. The study is indexed as a randomized trial.
Arch Osteoporos · 2017 · PMID 28733931
Thirty children with hemophilia were randomized to a conventional physical program or additional whole body vibration, measuring quadriceps strength, lumbar bone density and function over 12 weeks.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2017 · PMID 28574408
Thirty eight postmenopausal women were randomized to whole body vibration, multicomponent training or control for 24 weeks, measuring total bone density, body composition and knee and ankle strength.
Rejuvenation Res · 2017 · PMID 27998241
In a randomized study completed by 33 of 45 middle aged women with obesity, diet alone, diet with whole body vibration and diet with aerobic exercise were compared for nine month bone density, mineral content and body composition.
J Exerc Nutrition Biochem · 2016 · PMID 27508150
A randomized trial assigned 17 people with spinal cord injury to whole body vibration combined with electrical muscle stimulation or control and measured femoral neck bone density, calf thickness and popliteal blood flow during 12 weeks and eight weeks after completion.
Spinal Cord · 2016 · PMID 27137122
A randomized trial assigned 31 women with rheumatoid arthritis to twice weekly whole body vibration or usual activity and measured DXA bone density and body composition, function and activity before and after three months and three months after completion.
PLoS One · 2016 · PMID 27073832
Nineteen children recovering from burns were randomized to exercise alone, n=10, or with whole body vibration, n=9, measuring six week DXA bone mineral content, density, lean mass and knee strength.
Burns · 2016 · PMID 26796240
Thirty eight postmenopausal women were randomized to whole body vibration, multicomponent exercise or control. Bone density, body composition and isokinetic knee and ankle strength were assessed around twelve weeks of training three times weekly.
Rejuvenation Res · 2015 · PMID 25978688
A randomized study report examined 26 adolescents aged 12 to 18 with or without Down syndrome receiving whole body vibration three times weekly for 20 weeks. DXA measured bone mineral content and density, with adherence analyses.
Osteoporos Int · 2016 · PMID 26202487
A randomized trial assigned 174 older adults to ten minutes of daily low magnitude whole body vibration or a placebo device and measured hip and spine quantitative CT bone density and blood bone turnover markers over 24 months.
J Bone Miner Res · 2015 · PMID 25581217
Twenty five adolescents with Down syndrome were randomized to whole body vibration, n=11, or control, n=14, measuring DXA bone mineral content and density and peripheral CT structure over 20 weeks.
Osteoporos Int · 2015 · PMID 25994905
A randomized crossover study of ten young men compared resistance exercise alone with exercise preceded by whole body vibration, measuring blood markers of bone formation and resorption before and after exercise.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2015 · PMID 25730649
An indexed randomized trial compared whole body vibration in 22 postmenopausal women with osteopenia against 20 controls. Thirty one completed 12 months, with high resolution CT bone structure, estimated strength, muscle strength and balance measured.
Osteoporos Int · 2015 · PMID 25567775
Sixty one older adults at risk of falling were randomized to vertical, side alternating or sham vibration for 12 weeks, measuring bone turnover, neuromuscular function and fall risk factors.
Age Ageing · 2015 · PMID 25294839
A randomized trial assigned 34 participants to 20 sessions of high or low magnitude whole body vibration and measured hip bone density, plasma sclerostin, knee strength and electromyography.
Balkan Med J · 2014 · PMID 25207162
A randomized comparison in postmenopausal osteoporosis examined one course of PEMF against cyclic alendronate, measuring bone density at weeks 24, 48 and 72 alongside pain and balance. Participant count was not stated in the abstract.
Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi · 2014 · PMID 24804483
Twenty eight postmenopausal women were randomized to whole body vibration or control. Sessions at 30 Hz and 3.2 g lasted five minutes three times weekly for six months, with lumbar bone density measured by DXA before and after.
Clin Interv Aging · 2013 · PMID 24348029
A randomized trial of 48 people with severe haemophilia A and osteoporosis compared resistance training, PEMF, their combination and control over six weeks, measuring bone specific alkaline phosphatase, a bone resorption marker and joint function.
Clin Rehabil · 2014 · PMID 24249841
Forty nine community dwelling older adults were randomized to whole body vibration or control, measuring bone mineral content, density and structure by DXA and peripheral CT over 11 weeks.
J Sci Med Sport · 2014 · PMID 23711620
A randomized trial assigned 82 people with chronic stroke to exercise with whole body vibration or the same exercise alone and measured blood bone turnover markers, knee strength and motor function after eight weeks and at one month followup.
Eur J Phys Rehabil Med · 2013 · PMID 23486302
Sixty eight postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomized to resistance exercise with whole body vibration or balance training; 57 completed nine months. Peripheral CT bone density and estimated strength were measured.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2013 · PMID 23445916
A randomized trial assigned 44 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis to one course of PEMF or alendronate and measured lumbar and femoral bone density, vitamin D, lower limb strength and balance through 24 weeks.
Bioelectromagnetics · 2013 · PMID 23362148
A randomized trial recruited 149 females with idiopathic scoliosis and low bone mass and compared whole body vibration with observation using DXA bone density and mineral content and quantitative CT microstructure over 12 months. The abstract reported groups of 61 and 63.
Osteoporos Int · 2013 · PMID 23011683
A randomized trial of 14 men undergoing 60 days of bed rest compared vibration with resistance exercise against no exercise, measuring DXA and peripheral quantitative CT bone density and blood and urinary bone metabolism indices.
Osteoporos Int · 2012 · PMID 22159820
A randomized trial assigned 202 postmenopausal women to 30 Hz whole body vibration, 90 Hz vibration or control and measured DXA bone density and tibial and radial quantitative CT microstructure over 12 months.
Ann Intern Med · 2011 · PMID 22084333
A randomized trial assigned 46 postmenopausal women to whole body vibration once or three times weekly or sham vibration and measured urinary bone resorption markers and bone specific alkaline phosphatase over eight weeks.
J Osteoporos · 2011 · PMID 21772975
A randomized trial assigned 108 postmenopausal women to rotational whole body vibration, vertical vibration or low intensity gymnastics and measured hip and lumbar DXA bone density and leg strength over 12 months.
Med Sci Sports Exerc · 2011 · PMID 20980923
A randomized study recruited 53 older and 15 middle aged adults and compared whole body vibration with alternating tilt against control, measuring lumbar and femoral neck bone density and bone turnover markers over six months.
Aging Clin Exp Res · 2012 · PMID 21339698
A factorial randomized trial assigned 113 institutionalized older women to whole body vibration or no training and two vitamin D doses, measuring hip bone density, leg muscle mass and strength over six months.
J Bone Miner Res · 2011 · PMID 20648661
A randomized sham controlled trial assigned 99 participants after distal radius fracture or carpal surgery to PEMF dosing groups or sham and measured forearm DXA and quantitative CT bone density and turnover markers during eight weeks of exposure and 24 weeks of followup.
Bioelectromagnetics · 2011 · PMID 21452357
A randomized trial assigned 151 postmenopausal women to combined exercise, the same exercise with whole body vibration or control and measured lumbar and hip DXA bone density and daily fall records over 18 months.
Osteoporos Int · 2011 · PMID 20306017
A randomized pilot trial assigned 20 children with cerebral palsy to usual school physiotherapy or physiotherapy with whole body vibration and measured lumbar and femoral bone density and walking speed over six months.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2010 · PMID 20190383
A randomized trial assigned 51 young women to whole body vibration, vibration with resistance training or control and measured bone density and blood markers of bone remodeling over 16 weeks.
Aviat Space Environ Med · 2009 · PMID 20027849
A randomized study of 20 healthy men undergoing 56 days of bed rest compared resistance exercise combined with whole body vibration against bed rest alone, measuring tibial and radial CT and hip and lumbar DXA bone mineral content through 12 months of followup.
Bone · 2010 · PMID 19732856
A double blind randomized trial of 30 people undergoing hip revision compared six hours daily of PEMF with sham exposure through 90 days, measuring periprosthetic DXA bone density and functional scores.
Bioelectromagnetics · 2009 · PMID 19384914
A randomized trial assigned 151 postmenopausal women to combined exercise, combined exercise including whole body vibration or control and recorded lumbar and hip DXA bone density and falls over one year.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr · 2009 · PMID 19603365
A three period study of ten healthy adults compared protein supplementation and whole body vibration alone and together. Participants were randomized between two groups in the middle period, and urinary calcium, phosphate and bone resorption markers were measured.
J Sports Sci · 2007 · PMID 17127586
A randomized trial assigned 28 physically untrained postmenopausal women to whole body vibration or walking and measured hip and lumbar DXA bone density and balance over eight months.
BMC Musculoskelet Disord · 2006 · PMID 17137514
A randomized trial assigned 70 postmenopausal women to whole body vibration, resistance training or control and measured hip DXA bone density, bone turnover markers and knee strength over 24 weeks.
J Bone Miner Res · 2004 · PMID 15040822
A randomized trial assigned 29 postmenopausal women to whole body vibration or control twice weekly for six months and measured cortical bone density, bone turnover biomarkers and muscle power.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2003 · PMID 14669194
A randomized trial assigned 56 healthy adults to whole body vibration or control and measured tibial quantitative CT, DXA bone mineral content at several sites, blood bone turnover markers and physical performance over eight months.
J Bone Miner Res · 2003 · PMID 12733727
A randomized study assigned 61 patients undergoing lumbar fusion to PEMF, direct current stimulation or control and measured radiographic fusion mass bone density at three months and one year and fusion and clinical function at one year.
J Spinal Disord · 2000 · PMID 10941887
A double blind randomized study of 13 participants undergoing limb lengthening compared active and inactive PEMF coils, measuring DXA bone density and radiographic bone formation at and adjacent to the lengthening site through 12 months.
Bone · 1996 · PMID 8805989
Controlled human studies, including unspecified allocation26
A retrospective cohort of 321 type II odontoid fracture patients compared PEMF bone stimulation use. A propensity matched cohort of 48, with 19 users and 29 nonusers, was assessed for radiographic union, pain, function and complications.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976) · 2026 · PMID 42390981
A multicenter study compared 12 month radiographic fusion in 142 lumbar surgery patients receiving six months of PEMF and 47 retrospective controls.
J Spine Surg · 2026 · PMID 41660193
Six months of PEMF after cervical fusion in 160 patients was compared with 53 retrospective controls for 12 month radiographic fusion and adverse events.
Clin Spine Surg · 2024 · PMID 38650075
Sixty adults over 65 entered four groups defined by intermittent hypoxia and whole body vibration for 20 weeks, three times weekly. Bone turnover, body composition, function and inflammation were measured; randomization was not stated.
Aging Clin Exp Res · 2024 · PMID 38280022
Eighty perimenopausal women with osteoporosis and sternocostal pain entered medication or PEMF with manual manipulation groups, measuring pain, bone density and serum calcium. Randomization was not stated.
Altern Ther Health Med · 2023 · PMID 35180097
An 18 month study examined 255 inactive postmenopausal women aged 55 to 75. Whole body vibration for up to twenty minutes three times weekly over twelve months was compared with control using DXA, high resolution CT and serum bone turnover markers.
Front Physiol · 2022 · PMID 36160873
Fifty six older women entered 20 Hz whole body vibration, 40 Hz vibration or control groups of 19, 18 and 19. Proximal femoral DXA bone density was compared at 24 weeks; randomization was not stated.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2021 · PMID 33146497
Thirty two mandibular fracture patients entered PEMF adjunct and control groups of 16 for radiographic bone density and clinical assessment. Although titled a randomized trial, the abstract describes random selection followed by sequential allocation.
J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg · 2019 · PMID 30836195
Thirteen of 27 female nursing home residents received lactose free milk with whole body vibration and were compared with 14 controls for bone density T and Z scores and body size over 12 weeks. Randomization was not stated.
J Phys Ther Sci · 2017 · PMID 28744030
A comparative analysis of 24 men undergoing 60 days of bed rest examined vibration combined with resistance exercise, resistance exercise alone and control using blood bone turnover markers, sclerostin, DKK1 and femoral bone mineral content followup.
J Bone Miner Metab · 2016 · PMID 26056021
Show all · 26 papersShow less
A comparative study exposed 36 prepubertal boys to high or low magnitude whole body vibration on one, three or five days and compared them with 15 controls, measuring blood bone formation and resorption markers, osteoprotegerin and sclerostin.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2015 · PMID 26032203
Forty one active adults entered twice weekly or three times weekly whole body vibration and control groups, comparing bone density, mineral content, body composition, strength and jumping. Randomization was not stated.
J Strength Cond Res · 2014 · PMID 24832971
Whole body vibration and resistance exercise were compared in 80 postmenopausal women with obesity, measuring site specific bone density and anthropometry over eight months. Randomization was not stated.
J Osteoporos · 2014 · PMID 25136473
A comparative study of 80 postmenopausal women grouped 37 with low bone density and 43 with normal density and measured plasma sclerostin and adductor electromyography before and after whole body vibration.
Turk J Med Sci · 2014 · PMID 25551934
A prospective comparative study consecutively assigned 18 patients with mandibular fractures to PEMF, low intensity laser or control and measured radiographic bone density and fracture stability at two and four weeks. Maxillomandibular fixation duration was shorter in the PEMF group.
J Maxillofac Oral Surg · 2014 · PMID 26225010
Eight of 15 road cyclists added 30 Hz whole body vibration three times weekly for ten weeks and were compared with seven cycling controls for bone density. Fifteen sedentary controls contributed baseline comparisons.
Int J Sports Med · 2012 · PMID 22562741
A comparative study of 24 participants aged 18 to 22 compared 10 participants undertaking 12 weeks of whole body vibration exercise with 14 controls using spine, hip and whole body DXA bone density.
J Hum Kinet · 2012 · PMID 23487489
A crossover study of eight healthy men compared 20 Hz vibration with no vibration during 14 days of bed rest, measuring urinary calcium and bone resorption markers and blood bone formation markers.
Eur J Appl Physiol · 2012 · PMID 21894450
A comparative study of 24 men undergoing 60 days of bed rest examined vibration with resistance exercise, resistance exercise alone and control using tibial and radial quantitative CT bone density and structure through two years of recovery.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2011 · PMID 21885896
A comparative study of 12 patients with mandibular fractures examined PEMF and control after closed reduction using clinical stability and computerized radiographic bone density. Maxillomandibular fixation was removed at different times in the two groups.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg · 2011 · PMID 21277067
A comparative study assigned 55 postmenopausal women to resistance training, resistance training with whole body vibration or control and measured spinal, hip, forearm and whole body DXA bone density, blood turnover markers and strength over eight months.
Bone · 2010 · PMID 20601282
A study compared 24 weeks of alendronate and whole body vibration in older women with postmenopausal osteoporosis for hip bone density and turnover markers. Participant n and randomization were not stated.
Adv Gerontol · 2010 · PMID 21033380
A comparative analysis of 20 healthy men undergoing eight weeks of bed rest compared ten receiving vibration with resistance exercise against controls, measuring blood bone turnover markers and DXA bone mass through 12 months of followup.
Osteoporos Int · 2010 · PMID 19536451
A comparative study of 48 females aged 15 to 20 with low bone density and fracture history examined whole body vibration against control, measuring lumbar and femoral quantitative CT bone mass and muscle mass over 12 months.
J Bone Miner Res · 2006 · PMID 16939405
A paired limb study of six men with chronic complete spinal cord injury applied PEMF to one knee for six months and used the opposite knee as control, measuring DXA bone density at baseline and months 3, 6 and 12.
J Spinal Cord Med · 1999 · PMID 10751127
A paired limb study exposed one forearm of 20 women at risk of osteoporosis to 72 Hz PEMF for ten hours daily over 12 weeks and measured radial single photon bone density against the opposite arm during exposure and for 36 weeks afterward.
J Bone Miner Res · 1990 · PMID 2195843
Human studies without a control group24
Postmenopausal women aged 65 to 67 with osteoporosis underwent six months of whole body vibration, with DXA bone density, osteogenic mediators and immune measures assessed. n and a control group were not stated.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMID 42222069
A case report examined 20 weeks of whole body vibration with a hip brace in one boy aged 30 months with ADCY5 related movement disorder, using imaging, electromyography, bone density and bone metabolism markers.
Prosthet Orthot Int · 2026 · PMID 42113952
Eight patients with transient hip osteoporosis received combined medication, vitamin D and PEMF, with monthly hip scores, pain and MRI follow up.
J Clin Med · 2025 · PMID 41227275
A postoperative PEMF study assessed 12 month radiographic fusion, pain, function and quality of life in 160 cervical fusion patients with pseudarthrosis risk factors.
Orthop Rev (Pavia) · 2024 · PMID 39698480
One hundred forty two lumbar fusion patients with pseudarthrosis risk factors received PEMF for six months, with radiographic fusion, pain, function and quality of life assessed at 12 months.
Int J Spine Surg · 2023 · PMID 37884337
Three people with infantile onset Pompe disease underwent intensive training combined with six months of home whole body vibration, with DXA bone mineral content, lean mass and grip strength followed.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2022 · PMID 35642707
Twelve children with osteogenesis imperfecta performed 30 Hz whole body vibration for ten minutes daily for seven days, repeated before and after risedronate exposure. P1NP, BSALP and CTX were measured across time points.
JBMR Plus · 2022 · PMID 35309861
Sixteen female Olympic artistic swimmers were followed across two seasons, adding 22 weeks of jump rope with whole body vibration in the second. DXA bone density, mineral content, body composition and turnover markers were measured.
J Bone Miner Metab · 2021 · PMID 33839950
Fifteen people with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance completed three months of whole body vibration twice weekly; ten continued for three more months. Tibial bone density, turnover markers and physical function were followed.
J Bone Oncol · 2020 · PMID 33083217
An observational study of 128 children with cerebral palsy measured DXA bone mineral content and lean mass one year apart during rehabilitation including physiotherapy and six months of home whole body vibration.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab · 2020 · PMID 32653878
Twenty five people with multiple sclerosis entered whole body vibration three times weekly for eight weeks; 22 completed. Calcaneal bone density, balance, mobility, strength and fear of falling were compared before and after.
Disabil Rehabil · 2018 · PMID 27976932
One hundred fourteen adults with osteoporosis or osteopenia received 35 Hz whole body vibration for 15 minutes daily over four weeks, measuring distal radial DXA bone density and blood pressure before and after.
Chin Med Sci J · 2016 · PMID 28031097
Forty adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy received 20 Hz whole body vibration four times weekly for 20 weeks, measuring DXA and peripheral CT bone mass, density, muscle and mobility without a control group.
Sci Rep · 2016 · PMID 26936535
Eighteen community dwelling older adults received 20 Hz whole body vibration three times weekly for eight weeks, with bone density, balance, mobility, strength, foot sensation and fear of falling assessed before and after.
J Biomech · 2015 · PMID 26189095
Nineteen nonambulatory children with severe motor disabilities used a platform combining vibration, jumping and rotation twice weekly for six months. Bone mass, turnover and body composition were followed to 12 months.
J Rehabil Med · 2015 · PMID 25613047
A retrospective series of 53 people with osteogenesis imperfecta examined 12 month motor function, walking and whole body bone density excluding the head after a program combining six months of whole body vibration with physical, resistance and treadmill training.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2014 · PMID 25524970
An uncontrolled study of nine adults with chronic motor complete paraplegia used low magnitude whole body vibration in a standing frame for 20 minutes daily over six months, measuring hip DXA bone density and tibial microstructure four times over 12 months.
J Spinal Cord Med · 2015 · PMID 24621040
A prospective observational study followed six ambulatory children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy receiving three months of whole body vibration, measuring bone mass, bone turnover markers, strength and motor function at baseline and months 3, 6 and 12.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2013 · PMID 23445910
A retrospective study of 78 children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy measured bone density, bone mineral content and motor function before and after a six month program combining whole body vibration, physiotherapy, resistance training and treadmill exercise.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2010 · PMID 20516632
A case study followed one person with spinal cord injury through three sequential ten week phases of standing, partial standing and standing with whole body vibration, recording regional bone density and body composition.
Adapt Phys Activ Q · 2010 · PMID 20147770
An uncontrolled pilot study followed 11 adults with cystic fibrosis during six months of home whole body vibration, measuring spine, radial and tibial quantitative CT bone density, muscle force, power and lung function.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2008 · PMID 18622087
A device pilot study followed one 79 year old man through 60 visits of multiple frequency whole body vibration three times weekly and measured hip, forearm and lumbar DXA bone density before and after exposure.
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc · 2008 · PMID 19163635
A case report followed one patient with nonunion after cervical fusion during ten months of PEMF for three hours daily, using radiographs to document the fusion site and bone density around screws.
South Med J · 2004 · PMID 15180031
A followup report remeasured radial bone density eight years after an earlier study of 12 weeks of forearm PEMF in postmenopausal women. The abstract did not state the followup sample size.
Bioelectromagnetics · 1998 · PMID 9492162
Systematic search reviews, meta analyses and review overviews47
A systematic review and meta analysis of 14 randomized studies involving 1,447 older adults compared whole body vibration with conventional exercise for bone mineral density at different sites.
BMC Musculoskelet Disord · 2026 · PMID 41559705
A systematic review and meta analysis of 13 randomized studies of exercise with calcium and vitamin D in postmenopausal women examined bone density and a whole body vibration subgroup. Total participant n was not stated.
Nutrients · 2025 · PMID 41470812
A network meta analysis of 55 randomized exercise trials involving 3,453 older postmenopausal women compared site specific bone density across modalities including whole body vibration.
Front Physiol · 2025 · PMID 41078374
A systematic review of 24 randomized progressive exercise studies in osteoporosis, osteopenia or risk populations assessed bone density and quality of life. Multiple modalities included whole body vibration; vibration specific participant n was not stated.
J Clin Med · 2025 · PMID 40565855
A systematic review and meta analysis of seven randomized whole body vibration studies involving 202 adults aged at least 55 examined femoral and lumbar DXA bone density.
PeerJ · 2025 · PMID 40391029
A systematic review and network meta analysis of 49 exercise papers involving 3,360 postmenopausal women compared lumbar and femoral neck bone density across eight interventions including whole body vibration.
Sci Rep · 2025 · PMID 40188285
A systematic review and meta analysis of 13 randomized whole body vibration trials involving 783 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis assessed bone density, pain and body composition.
Braz J Med Biol Res · 2024 · PMID 39504068
An overview of 15 systematic reviews of whole body vibration and bone density in postmenopausal women examined review quality, evidence grades, trial overlap and adverse event reporting.
BMC Womens Health · 2024 · PMID 39107743
A systematic review of six randomized whole body vibration studies involving 203 burn survivors examined bone density, muscle strength, balance and mobility.
J Burn Care Res · 2024 · PMID 37791999
A systematic review assessed bone and muscle outcomes in 13 reports from six exercise trials in men with low bone density. Modalities included whole body vibration; participant n was not stated.
Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl · 2024 · PMID 38482104
Show all · 47 papersShow less
A systematic review and meta analysis of 17 whole body vibration papers in cerebral palsy assessed bone density, balance, strength, gait and function. Participant n was not stated.
Medicine (Baltimore) · 2023 · PMID 38050249
A review used a PubMed search and exclusion criteria to select nine whole body vibration clinical trials in older adults and postmenopausal women. Participant n was not stated.
Cureus · 2023 · PMID 36793830
A systematic review included 23 whole body vibration studies in postmenopausal women, with 20 in meta analysis, comparing site specific bone density and vibration settings. Participant n was not stated.
Osteoporos Int · 2023 · PMID 36282343
A systematic review and meta analysis of 19 randomized PEMF studies involving 1,303 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis assessed site specific bone density, pain, turnover markers and adverse events.
Bioelectromagnetics · 2022 · PMID 35864717
A systematic review and meta analysis of eight whole body vibration studies involving 179 boys and 139 girls with motor disabilities assessed bone density, mineral content and lean mass.
Children (Basel) · 2022 · PMID 35204986
A systematic review and meta analysis of eight PEMF trials involving 411 people with primary osteoporosis assessed lumbar and femoral neck bone density and balance.
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng · 2022 · PMID 35130160
A systematic review and meta analysis of 30 randomized human whole body vibration studies assessed bone density and formation and resorption markers. Participant n was not stated.
Complement Ther Med · 2022 · PMID 35093509
A systematic review and meta analysis searched older adult whole body vibration studies measuring both bone density and muscle outcomes. Study and participant counts were not stated in the abstract.
Gerontology · 2022 · PMID 34781288
A systematic review and meta analysis of 16 randomized exercise trials involving 1,624 older postmenopausal women assessed lumbar and femoral neck bone density, including a whole body vibration subgroup.
Calcif Tissue Int · 2020 · PMID 32055889
A systematic review examined eight bed rest exercise studies in healthy participants, including vibration combined with resistance exercise, and reviewed bone density and muscle cross sectional area. Vibration group counts were not separately stated in the abstract.
NPJ Microgravity · 2019 · PMID 31098391
An overview synthesized 17 systematic reviews and meta analyses of whole body vibration, examining age groups, vibration settings and bone density measures.
Biomed Res Int · 2018 · PMID 30519579
A systematic review of 15 randomized whole body vibration trials involving 403 children and adolescents with disabilities assessed bone density, lean mass, strength and activity measures.
Braz J Phys Ther · 2019 · PMID 30245042
A systematic review and meta analysis of ten whole body vibration studies involving 462 postmenopausal women assessed whole body, femoral neck and lumbar bone density.
Medicine (Baltimore) · 2018 · PMID 30142802
A systematic review of five whole body vibration studies involving 171 children and adolescents with Down syndrome assessed strength, bone density and mineral content, balance and body composition.
Osteoporos Int · 2018 · PMID 29330572
A systematic review and meta analysis of 15 reports from 14 whole body vibration trials in adults aged at least 50 assessed fractures, falls, bone density, microstructure and turnover. Overall participant n was not stated.
BMJ Open · 2017 · PMID 29289937
A systematic review examined ten randomized exercise trials lasting more than 24 weeks in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, including whole body vibration and lumbar and femoral neck bone density. Vibration participant counts were not separately stated in the abstract.
Menopause · 2017 · PMID 28538603
A systematic review of bone health in Duchenne muscular dystrophy during corticosteroid use included two abstract reports. The whole body vibration versus placebo trial involved 21 participants and a separate drug trial involved 13; bone density data were reviewed.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2017 · PMID 28117876
A systematic review and meta analysis of nine whole body vibration studies involving 527 postmenopausal women examined bone density, amplitude, frequency, cumulative duration and posture.
PLoS One · 2016 · PMID 27907000
A systematic review of nine randomized whole body vibration trials involving 625 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis assessed bone density, turnover, anthropometry and strength.
Disabil Rehabil · 2017 · PMID 27718643
A systematic review of 12 whole body vibration papers in postmenopausal women without medication examined bone density measurement methods, vibration settings and biomarkers. Participant n was not stated.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2016 · PMID 27609034
A systematic review of nine whole body vibration studies involving 1,486 older adults compared bone density measurements and study conditions.
Malays J Med Sci · 2016 · PMID 27904420
An overview examined 12 systematic reviews and meta analyses of exercise in girls and women, including whole body vibration bone density data. The abstract did not report a participant count specific to vibration.
Sports Med · 2016 · PMID 26856338
A systematic review and meta analysis of 15 randomized whole body vibration trials lasting at least six months in postmenopausal women assessed site specific bone density, vibration settings and posture. Participant n was not stated.
Osteoporos Int · 2016 · PMID 27145947
A systematic review and meta analysis of eight randomized whole body vibration trials involving 1,014 postmenopausal women assessed lumbar and femoral neck bone density and fall related measures.
J Orthop Surg Res · 2016 · PMID 26888467
A systematic review of whole body vibration in children and adults with cerebral palsy examined motor function and bone density evidence. The abstract reports five included studies without participant n.
J Can Chiropr Assoc · 2015 · PMID 26500358
A systematic review and meta analysis of six whole body vibration studies involving 176 children with cerebral palsy assessed femoral bone density, gait and motor function.
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact · 2015 · PMID 26032205
A systematic review located five whole body vibration studies in cerebral palsy across six databases and examined bone density, strength, gait and spasticity measures. Total participant count was not stated in the abstract.
Dev Neurorehabil · 2016 · PMID 25826535
A systematic review of five whole body vibration studies involving 368 postmenopausal women examined vibration mode and frequency alongside strength and lumbar and hip bone density.
Sportverletz Sportschaden · 2014 · PMID 24828509
A systematic review of exercise and bone mass in older adults selected 59 controlled trials, seven meta analyses and eight reviews, including whole body vibration alone or with exercise. Vibration specific participant counts were not stated in the abstract.
Sports Med · 2012 · PMID 22376192
A systematic review of 16 randomized whole body vibration trials in older adults assessed bone density, balance, strength, falls and adverse events. Participant n was not stated.
Disabil Rehabil · 2012 · PMID 22225483
A review of published and grey literature plus key informant interviews mapped 12 whole body vibration studies in osteoporosis, examining populations, protocols, measures and harms reporting. Participant n was not stated.
· 2011 · PMID 22238804
A systematic review and meta analysis examined 13 randomized whole body vibration trials in 18 papers involving 896 older adults, distinguishing hip and lumbar bone density from leg strength measures.
Clin Rehabil · 2011 · PMID 21849376
A systematic review examined eight randomized or quasi randomized whole body vibration trials in postmenopausal women, young adults, children and adolescents, analyzing spinal, hip and tibial bone density and mineral content. Participant counts were reported by analysis site.
Osteoporos Int · 2010 · PMID 20407890
A systematic review selected 39 supported standing studies in neuromuscular conditions, including added whole body vibration and bone density data. The abstract did not separately report vibration study or participant counts.
J Pediatr Rehabil Med · 2010 · PMID 21791851
A systematic review of nonpharmacological approaches after spinal cord injury examined bone mineral data and designs, including studies of PEMF and vibration. Separate study and participant counts for PEMF and vibration were not stated in the abstract.
Spinal Cord · 2009 · PMID 19172152
A systematic review selected 13 whole body vibration studies in older adults using predefined criteria and examined bone density, muscle performance, balance and mobility measures. Total participant count was not stated in the abstract.
J Geriatr Phys Ther · 2009 · PMID 20128338
A structured review selected observational and randomized PEMF studies in osteoporosis and examined bone density, bone strength, turnover markers and pain. The abstract reports 34 included papers, while its retrieval and exclusion counts do not reconcile.
Chin Med J (Engl) · 2008 · PMID 19080282
Animal studies, including accompanying cell experiments23
PEMF, Npy deletion and Sema3A blockade were examined in chronically stressed male mice and cell cocultures for osteogenesis, marrow adipocyte senescence and nerve signaling. n was not stated.
Nat Commun · 2026 · PMID 42811065
PEMF was applied to osteosarcoma and osteoblast cultures and mouse tumor models, measuring cellular markers and normal bone density, trabecular structure and osteogenic markers. n was not stated.
J Bone Oncol · 2026 · PMID 42750945
Combined static magnetic fields and PEMF were applied in hindlimb unloaded mice and MC3T3 E1 cells, measuring bone density, microstructure, mechanics and osteogenic markers. n was not stated.
Cells · 2026 · PMID 42439615
Ovariectomized mice received whole body vibration, estradiol or both for ten weeks. Femoral microstructure, tibial mechanics and bone metabolism measures were assessed; n was not stated.
J Endocrinol · 2026 · PMID 42200527
PEMF at 75 Hz and 1.5 mT with Wnt pathway inhibition was investigated in dexamethasone exposed rat marrow stem cells and ovariectomized rats. Cell differentiation and eight week bone microstructure and formation were measured; n was not stated.
Bone Rep · 2026 · PMID 42100710
Rats with ovariectomy and dexamethasone induced osteosarcopenia received 15 Hz, 2.0 mT PEMF five times weekly for 12 weeks. Bone and muscle structure, mechanics and inflammatory markers were measured; n was not stated.
Front Immunol · 2026 · PMID 41972187
Eighteen of 24 rats underwent seated whole body vibration and were compared with six controls for lumbar bone density and disc thickness over eight weeks. This model simulated vehicle related exposure.
J Biomech · 2026 · PMID 41916021
Twenty four male mice were assigned to three groups, with 15 Hz PEMF for 40 minutes daily over two months after orchiectomy. Bone microstructure, mechanics, histology and systemic iron metabolism were examined.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol · 2025 · PMID 41280646
Extracellular vesicles from PEMF preconditioned marrow stromal cells were applied to osteoblast cultures and rats with femoral head osteonecrosis to examine bone formation and cell death. n was not stated.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol · 2025 · PMID 41141283
Thirty rats in an ovariectomy osteoporosis experiment were allocated to three groups. PEMF at 50 Hz and 0.6 mT for 90 minutes daily over six weeks was examined using bone density, micro CT, mechanics and bone turnover measures.
Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi · 2025 · PMID 41152178
PEMF with sensory nerve, Sema3A and Nrp1 manipulations was examined in aging male mice and marrow stem cells, measuring bone formation, adipogenic differentiation and senescence markers. n was not stated.
Nat Commun · 2025 · PMID 41022817
An iron and copper composite scaffold with PEMF was examined in marrow stem cells and rat cranial defects for osteogenesis, vascular markers and micro CT bone volume. n was not stated.
Mater Today Bio · 2025 · PMID 41050092
Forty mice were assigned to control, LPS, LPS with alendronate or LPS with PEMF, with bone micro CT, histology, blood and spleen measures assessed.
Bioengineering (Basel) · 2025 · PMID 41007168
Direct PEMF and fecal transfer from PEMF exposed donors were compared with exercise conditions in mice, measuring bone density, metabolism and microbiota. n was not stated.
Int J Mol Sci · 2025 · PMID 40564914
Whole body vibration and the Piezo1 agonist Yoda1, alone or combined, with radiation conditions were compared in young and mature mice for tibial bone formation and structure. n was not stated.
Bone · 2025 · PMID 40389188
Seventy two rats were assigned to three groups. PEMF for four hours daily for up to eight weeks in a steroid model was examined for proximal femoral bone density, mineral content and BMP2.
Sci Rep · 2025 · PMID 39833378
After tooth movement in 36 rats, 15 Hz, 2.0 mT PEMF for two hours daily over seven or 14 days was examined for tooth position, alveolar bone cells and tissue markers.
J Taibah Univ Med Sci · 2025 · PMID 39831281
Four exercise modalities including whole body vibration were applied to young mice for eight weeks, followed by ovariectomy and 22 weeks of rest before bone mass and microstructure assessment. n was not stated.
Bone · 2025 · PMID 39645067
PEMF at 15 Hz and 2.0 mT was applied for seven or 14 days during tooth movement retention in 36 rats, assessing alveolar Wnt5a, RANKL, OPG, ALP and Runx2.
Dent J (Basel) · 2024 · PMID 39329853
Forty five Hz whole body vibration over eight weeks was examined in 20 rats with type 2 diabetes and ten controls for bone microstructure, mass, mechanics and metabolic markers.
Osteoporos Sarcopenia · 2024 · PMID 39403223
Whole body vibration, simvastatin or both were compared after femoral titanium implantation in 24 month old male rats, measuring 12 week bone mass, osseointegration and mechanics. n was not stated.
Bone Rep · 2024 · PMID 39540057
Rats with osteoporotic osteoarthritis entered three groups of six. PEMF at 8 Hz and 3.82 mT for 12 weeks was examined for bone density, cartilage histology, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy.
Electromagn Biol Med · 2024 · PMID 38347683
Sixteen aged rats were assigned to PEMF or sham, with eight young controls. Bone density, microstructure and marrow NLRP3 related measures were assessed over 12 weeks.
Electromagn Biol Med · 2024 · PMID 38329038
333 of 526 records excluded: narrative review, commentary or hypothesis (52), preclinical review without human evidence (4), no abstract (3), protocol without completed data (10), animal, cell or ex vivo study before 2024 (202), measurement validation rather than an intervention study (4), no direct bone density, mineral content or bone formation assessment (32), scoping review or guideline outside the specified designs (2), computational simulation rather than a human, animal or cell study (10), retracted publication or retraction notice (3), bibliometric analysis rather than intervention evidence (1), no direct study of the specified intervention (7), focal or handheld vibration rather than whole body platform exposure (3).
View the search query
TITLE_ABS:("whole body vibration" OR "whole-body vibration" OR "vibration exercise" OR "vibration training" OR "pulsed electromagnetic" OR PEMF) AND TITLE_ABS:("bone density" OR "bone mineral" OR osteoporosis OR "bone formation") AND (SRC:MED OR SRC:PMC) AND FIRST_PDATE:[* TO 2026-10-29]
Search Europe PMCFrequently asked questions
How many primary human study papers are included?
There are 123 primary human papers: 73 randomized trials, 26 other comparative studies and 24 studies without a control group.
Which publication years were checked?
The query covers publications through 29 October 2026. Human studies have no lower publication year limit; animal, cell and ex vivo studies are limited to 2024 onward.
Does the paper count represent distinct clinical trials?
No. Different outcome or follow up reports from one trial may be separate papers. DOI and PMID duplicates were removed, but participants across reports are not added together. Reviews may include the same participants as primary papers.